Biographie De Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Pour Les Francophones)

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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (né à Salonique en mai 1880 ou 1881 - mort à Istanbul le 10 novembre 1938) est le fondateur et le premier président de la République Turque.

Après la Première Guerre mondiale et l'occupation alliée de l'Empire ottoman, ce militaire de carrière refuse de voir l'Empire ottoman être démembré par le traité de Sèvres. Accompagné de partisans, il se révolte contre le gouvernement impérial et crée un deuxième pouvoir politique à Ankara. C’est de cette ville qu’il mène la guerre contre les occupants à la tête de la résistance Turque.

Sous son commandement, les forces Turques ont vaincues les armées arméniennes, françaises et italiennes. Puis il défait les armées grecques qui occupent la ville et la région d’Izmir, la Thrace orientale et certaines îles de la mer Égée. Après la bataille de Sakarya, la Grande assemblée nationale de Turquie lui donne le titre de Gazi (le victorieux) ; il parvient ensuite à repousser les armées grecques hors de Turquie. Suite à ces victoires, les forces britanniques choisissent de signer un premier armistice avec lui et s’engagent à quitter le pays.

Mustafa Kemal affirme également une volonté farouche de rupture avec le passé impérial ottoman et de réformes radicales pour son pays.
Il profite de la trahison du sultan avec l’armistice de Moudrons pour mettre un terme au sultanat le 1er novembre 1922. Il instaure de la sorte une séparation entre le pouvoir politique (sultanat) et spirituel (califat).
Après la proclamation de la République, il déplace la capitale d’Istanbul à Ankara et il occidentalise le pays à travers plusieurs réformes. Notamment, il laïcise la Turquie, donne le droit de vote aux femmes et remplace l’alphabet arabe par l’alphabet latin. Sous sa présidence autoritaire, la Turquie a mené une révolution sociale sans précédent, qu’on appelle généralement révolution kémaliste. Le 24 novembre 1934, l’Assemblée lui donne le nom d’Atatürk « père des Turcs. »

Il meurt d’une cirrhose du foie le 10 novembre 1938. Au cours des funérailles nationales il est enterré au musée ethnographique d’Ankara. Sa dépouille repose aujourd’hui dans le mausolée dit de l’Anıtkabir.
 

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